59
Roberton, M.A., & Halverson, L. E. (1984). Developing
children:
Their changing movements. New York
Roberts, D., Foehr, U., & Rideout,V. (2005, March).
Generation M: Media in the lives of 8-18 year olds. Menlo
Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
Roberts,T-A. (2004). Female trouble:The Menstrual Self-
Evaluation Scale and women’s self-objectification.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 22-26.
Roberts,T-A., & Gettman, J. (2004).“Mere exposure”:
Gender differences in the negative effects of priming a state
of self-objectification. Sex Roles, 51, 17-27.
Rodriguez, N. N.,Van de Kemp, H., & Foy, D.W. (1998).
Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of childhood sexual
and physical abuse: A critical review of the empirical
research. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 7, 17-45.
Rolón-Dow, R. (2004). Seduced by images: Identity and
schooling in the lives of Puerto Rican girls. Anthropology
and Education Quarterly, 35, 8-29.
Rouner, D., Slater, M., & Domenech-Rodriquez, M.
(2003). Adolescent evaluation of gender role and sexual
imagery in television advertisements. Journal of Broadcasting
& Electronic Media, 47, 435-454.
Rubin, A. M. (2002).The uses-and-gratifications perspective
of media effects. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.),
Media effects:Advances in theory and research (2nd ed.,
pp. 525-
548). Mahwah , NJ
Rudman, L., & Borgida, E. (1995).The afterglow of construct
accessibility:The behavioral consequences of priming
men to view women as sexual objects. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 493-517.
Rudman, L., & Kilianski, S. (2000). Implicit and explicit
attitudes toward female authority. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1315-1328.
Rudman,W. J., & Verdi, P. (1993). Exploitation: Comparing
sexual and violent imagery of females and males in advertising.
Women & Health, 20, 1-14.
Rutti, R. (1997, January 27). Putting gender into the
equation: Single sex classes seem to add up. The Plain
Dealer, p. 1B.
Sanchez-Hucles, J., Hudgins, P. S., & Gamble, K. (2005).
Reflection and distortion:Women of color in magazine
advertisements. In E. Cole & J. H. Daniels (Eds.), Featuring
females: Feminist analyses of media (pp. 185-198).Washington,
DC:American Psychological Association.
Satcher, D. (2001). The Surgeon General’s call to action to
promote
sexual health and responsible sexual behavior.Washington,
DC: U.S.
Office of the Surgeon General. Retrieved from
www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/sexualhealth/call.pdf
Savage, M., & Holcomb, D. (1998). Adolescent female athletes’
sexual risk-taking behavior. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 28, 595.
Schaller, J., & Lagergren Frieberg, J. (1998). Issues of
abuse for women with disabilities and implications for
rehabilitation counseling. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation
Counseling, 29, 9-17.
Scharff, J. S., & Scharff, D. E. (1994). Object relations
therapy
of physical and sexual trauma. Northvale , NJ
Schilt, K. (2003). “I’ll resist with every inch and every
breath”: Girls and zine making as a form of resistance.
Youth and Society, 35, 71-97.
Schooler, D., & Ward, L. M. (2006).Average joes: Men’s
relationships with media, real bodies, and sexuality.
Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7, 27-41.
Schooler, D.,Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A.
(2005). Cycles of shame: Menstrual shame, body shame,
and sexual decision-making. Journal of Sex Research, 42,
324-334.
Schor, J. B. (2004). Born to buy:The commercialized child and
the new consumer culture. New York
Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls
60
Schultz, J. (2005). Reading the catsuit: Serena Williams and
the production of blackness at the 2002 U.S. Open. Journal
of Sport & Social Issues, 29, 338-357.
Seidman, S. A. (1992). An investigation of sex-role stereotyping
in music videos. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic
Media, 36, 209-216.
Sexuality Information and Education Council of the
education: Kindergarten–12th grade (3rd ed.).
New York
Author. Retrieved from http://www.siecus.org/_data/
global/images/guidelines.pdf
Sheff, D. (2005, January 4). New babes in toyland:Trollz.
The New York Times, p. E1. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/04/arts/04trol.html
Shengold, L. (1989). Soul murder:The effects of childhood abuse
and deprivation. New York
Sherman, B. L., & Dominick, J. R. (1986).Violence and sex
in music videos:TV and rock ’n roll. Journal of
Communication, 36, 79-93.
Shilts, L. (1991).The relationship of early adolescent substance
abuse to extracurricular activities, peer influence,
and personal attitudes. Adolescence, 26, 613-617.
Shorter-Gooden, K. (2004). Multiple resistance strategies:
How African American women cope with racism and sexism.
Journal of Black Psychology, 30, 406-425.
Shugart, H.A. (2003). She shoots, she scores: Mediated
constructions of contemporary female athletes in coverage
of the 1999 U.S.
Communication, 67, 1-31.
Signorielli, N., McLeod, D., & Healy, E. (1994). Gender
stereotypes in MTV commercials:The beat goes on.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38, 91-101.
Silbert, M. H., & Pines, A. M. (1981). Sexual child abuse as
an antecedent to prostitution. Child Abuse & Neglect, 5,
407-411.
Silbert, M. H., & Pines, A. M. (1982). Entrance into
prostitution.
Youth and Society, 13, 471-500.
Simpkins, S. D., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2006).
Math and science motivation: A longitudinal examination
of the links between choices and beliefs. Developmental
Psychology, 42, 70-83.
Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2002). A test of objectification
theory in adolescent girls. Sex Roles, 46, 343-349.
Smolak, L., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). A meta-analytic
examination of the relationship between child sexual abuse
and eating disorders. International Journal of Eating
Disorders,
31, 136-150.
Soley, L. C., & Kurzbard, G. (1986). Sex in advertising:A
comparison of 1964 and 1984 magazine advertisements.
Journal of Advertising, 15, 46-64.
Sommers-Flanagan, R., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Davis, B.
(1993).What’s happening on music television? A gender
role content analysis. Sex Roles, 28, 745-753.
Spence, J.T., Losoff, M., & Robbins, A. S. (1991). Sexually
aggressive tactics in dating relationships: Personality and
attitudinal correlates. Journal of Social and Clinical
Psychology,
10, 289-304.
Spillers, J. H. (1992). Interstices: A small drama of words. In
C.Vance (Ed.), Pleasure and danger: Exploring female sexuality
(pp. 73–100). London
Sprung, B. (1999). Our whole lives: Sexuality education for
Grades K-1. Boston : Unitarian Universalist Church
Steele, J. R. (1999).Teenage sexuality and media practice:
Factoring in the influences of family, friends, and school.
Journal of Sex Research, 36, 331-341.
Stice, E., Schupak-Neuberg, E., Shaw, H., & Stein, R.
(1994). Relation of media exposure to eating disorder
symptomatology: An examination of mediating mechanisms.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 836-840.
Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls
61
Stice, E., & Shaw, H. (2003). Prospective relations of body
image, eating, and affective disturbances to smoking onset
in adolescent girls: How Virginia
and Clinical Psychology, 71, 129-135.
Strasburger,V. C. (1995). Adolescents and the media: Medical
and psychological impact. Thousand Oaks , CA
Strasburger,V. C., & Wilson B. J. (2002). Children,
adolescents
and the media. Thousand
Oaks , CA
Strelan, P., & Hargreaves, D. (2005).Women who objectify
other women:The vicious circle of objectification? Sex
Roles, 52, 707-712.
Strouse, J. S., & Buerkel-Rothfuss, N. L. (1987). Media
exposure and the sexual attitudes and behaviors of college
students. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 13, 43-51.
Strouse, J. S., Goodwin, M. P., & Roscoe, B. (1994).
Correlates of attitudes toward sexual harassment among
early adolescents. Sex Roles, 31, 559-577.
Sullivan, G. L., & O’Connor, P. J. (1988).Women’s role
portrayals in magazine advertising: 1958-1983. Sex Roles,
18, 181-188.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1986). Toys as culture. New York
Tan,A. S. (1979).TV beauty ads and role expectations of adolescent
female viewers. Journalism Quarterly, 56, 283-288.
Taylor, J., Gilligan, C., & Sullivan, A. (1995). Between
voice
and silence:Women and girls, race and relationships. Cambridge
MA: Harvard
University
Teen market profile. (2005). New York
Retrieved from www.magazine.org/content/files/
teenprofile04.pdf
Tenenbaum, H. R., & Leaper, C. (2002).Are parents’
gender schemas related to their children’s gender-related
cognitions? A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 38,
615-630.
Thompson,T., & Zerbinos, E. (1997). Cartoons: Do children
notice it’s a boy’s world? Sex Roles, 37, 415-432.
Thomsen, S. R.,Weber, M. M., & Brown, L. B. (2002).The
relationship between reading beauty and fashion magazines
and the use of pathogenic dieting methods among adolescent
females. Adolescence, 37, 1-18.
Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school.
Thoughtworm. (2006). A zine bibliography. Retrieved
September 3, 2006, from
www.thoughtworm.com/zinebib.htm
Tiggemann, M., & Lynch, J. E. (2001). Body image in adult
women across the life span:The role of self-objectification.
Developmental Psychology, 37, 243-253.
Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2001). A test of objectification
theory in former dancers and non-dancers. Psychology of
Women Quarterly, 25, 57-64.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998, November). Prevalence,
incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings
from the National Violence Against Women Survey.Washington,
DC: National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 11, 2006,
from www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf
Tolman, D. L. (2002). Dilemmas of desire:Teenage girls talk
about sexuality. Cambridge , MA : Harvard
University
Tolman, D. L. (2006). In a different position:
Conceptualizing female adolescent sexuality development
within compulsory heterosexuality. New Directions for Child
and Adolescent Development, 112, 71-90.
Tolman, D. L., Impett, E. A.,Tracy, A. J., & Michael, A.
(2006). Looking good, sounding good: Femininity ideology
and adolescent girls’ mental health. Psychology of Women
Quarterly, 30, 85-95.
Tolman, D. L., Spencer, R., Rosen-Reynoso, M., & Porche,
M.V. (2003). Sowing the seeds of violence in heterosexual
relationships: Early adolescents narrate compulsory heterosexuality.
Journal of Social Issues, 59, 159-178.
Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls
62
Tracy, A. J., & Erkut, S. (2002). Gender and race patterns in
the pathways from sports participation to self-esteem.
Sociological Perspectives, 45, 445-466.
Trapnell, P. D., Meston, C. M., & Gorzalka, B. B. (1997).
Spectatoring and the relationship between body image and
sexual experience: Self-focus or self-valence? Journal of Sex
Research, 34, 267-278.
Truman, D. M.,Tokar, D. M., & Fischer, A. R. (1996).
Dimensions of masculinity: Relations to date rape, supportive
attitudes, and sexual aggression in dating situations.
Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 555-562.
Turner, S. L., Hamilton
Dwyer, D. H. (1997).The influence of fashion magazines
on the body image satisfaction of college women:An
exploratory analysis. Adolescence, 32, 603-614.
Turner,T. (2005, May 17). Limited brands sees profits
stripped down 76%. The Columbus
Uhlenhuth, K. (2006,April 22).Teens visualize unoffensive
tees. The Kansas City
www.kansascity.com
Ullman, S. E. (2003). Social reactions to child sexual abuse
disclosures: A critical review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,
12, 89-121.
Unger, R. K. (1979). Female and male. New York
Harper & Row.
Uray, N., & Burnaz, S. (2003). An analysis of the portrayals
of gender roles in Turkish television advertisements. Sex
Roles, 48, 77-87.
Villeneuve, A., & de Grandi, M. (1996). Perfumes, a
mainstay of the French economy. Label France
Retrieved from http://ebookpedia.net/A-mainstay-of-the-
French-economy.html
Villimez, C., Eisenberg, N., & Carroll, J. L. (1986). Sex
differences
in the relation of children’s height and weight to
academic performance and others’ attributions of competence.
Sex Roles, 15, 667-681.
Vincent, J., Imwold, C., Johnson, J.T., & Massey, D. (2003).
Newspaper coverage of female athletes competing in
selected sports in the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games:
The more things change the more they stay the same.
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 12, 1-21.
Vincent, R. C. (1989). Clio’s consciousness raised? Portrayal
of women in rock videos, re-examined. Journalism Quarterly,
66, 155-160.
Vincent, R. C., Davis, D. K., & Boruszkowski, L. A. (1987).
Sexism on MTV:The portrayal of women in rock videos.
Journalism Quarterly, 64, 750-755.
Vogel, B. L. (2000). Correlates of pre-college males’ sexual
aggression: Attitudes, beliefs and behavior.Women and
Criminal Justice, 11, 25-47.
Vogeltanz, N. D.,Wilsnack, S. C., Harris,T. R.,Wilsnack,
R.W.,Wonderlich, S. A., & Kristjanson, A. F. (1999).
Prevalence and risk factors for childhood sexual abuse
in women: National survey findings. Child Abuse & Neglect,
23, 579-592.
Voojis M.W., & van der Voort,T. H. (1993). Learning about
television violence:The impact of a critical viewing curriculum
on children’s attitudinal judgments about crime
series. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 26,
133-142.
Walsh, R., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006).The meeting of meditative
disciplines and Western psychology:A mutually enriching
dialogue. American Psychologist, 61, 227-239.
Ward, J. (2002). The skin we’re in:Teaching our teens to be
socially smart, emotionally strong and spiritually connected.
Ward, L. M. (1995).Talking about sex: Common themes
about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children
and adolescents view most. Journal of Youth &
Adolescence, 24, 595-615.
Ward, L. M. (2002). Does television exposure affect
emerging adults’ attitudes and assumptions about sexual
relationships? Correlational and experimental confirmation.
Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 31, 1–15.
Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls
63
Ward, L. M. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment
media in the sexual socialization of American youth:
A review of empirical research. Developmental Review, 23,
347-388.
Ward, L. M. (2004a, March). The sexy/cool ideal:
Contributions of media use to adolescents’ gender and sexual
schema. Poster/paper presented at the biennial meeting of
the Society for Research on Adolescence, Baltimore ,MD.
Ward, L. M. (2004b).Wading through the stereotypes:
Positive and negative associations between media use and
Black adolescents’ conceptions of self. Developmental
Psychology, 40, 284-294.
Ward, L. M., & Averitt, L. (2005, November). Associations
between media use and young adults’ perceptions of first
intercourse.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
National Communication Association, Boston
Ward, L. M., & Friedman, K. (2006). Using TV as a guide:
Associations between television viewing and adolescents’
sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of Research on
Adolescence, 16, 133-156.
Ward, L. M., Hansbrough, E., & Walker, E. (2005).
Contributions of music video exposure to black adolescents’
gender and sexual schemas. Journal of Adolescent
Research, 20, 143-166.
Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. (2006a).
Breasts are for men: Media use, masculinity ideology, and
men’s beliefs about women’s bodies. Sex Roles, 55, 703-744
Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. (2006b,
April). Media use, gender ideology, and beliefs about women’s
bodies. Paper presented at the biennial Gender Development
Conference, San Francisco
Ward, L. M., & Rivadeneyra, R. (1999). Contributions of
entertainment television to adolescents’ sexual attitudes and
expectations:The role of viewing amount versus viewer
involvement. Journal of Sex Research, 36, 237–249.
Ward, L. M., & Rivadeneyra, R. (2002, August). Dancing,
strutting, and bouncing in cars:The women of music videos.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Psychological Association, Chicago.
Warin, J. (2000).The attainment of self-consistency through
gender in young children. Sex Roles, 42, 209-231.
Weaver, J., Masland, J. L., & Zillmann, D. (1984). Effect of
erotica on young men’s aesthetic perception of their female
sexual partners. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 929-930.
Weekes, D. (2002). Get your freak on: How black girls
sexualise identity. Sex Education in England
and Scotland
251-262.
Wiederman, M. (2000).Women’s body image self-consciousness
during physical intimacy with a partner. Journal
of Sex Research, 37, 60-68.
Wiederman, M. (2001).“Don’t look now”:The role of selffocus
in sexual dysfunction. The Family Journal: Counseling
and Therapy for Couples and Families, 9, 210-214.
Wiederman, M., & Hurst
attractiveness, and body image among young adult women:
Relationships to sexual experience and sexual esteem.
Journal of Sex Research, 35, 272-281.
Wiederman, M., & Pryor,T. (1997). Body dissatisfaction
and sexuality among women with bulimia nervosa.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 361-365.
Wilson, P. (1999). Our whole lives: Sexuality education for
Grades 7–9. Boston : Unitarian Universalist Church
Wingood, G., & DiClemente, R. (1992). Culture, gender and
psychosocial influences on HIV-related behavior of African
female adolescents: Implications for the development of tailored
prevention programs. Ethnicity & Disease, 3, 381-388.
Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are
used against women. New York
Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls
64
Yamamiya,Y., Cash,T. F., Melnyk, S. E., Posavac, H. D.,
& Posavac, S. S. (2005).Women’s exposure to thin-andbeautiful
media images: Body image effects of media-ideal
internalization and impact-reduction interventions.
Body Image, 2, 74-80.
Yoder, J. D., & Schleicher,T. L. (1996). Undergraduates
regard deviation from occupational gender stereotypes as
costly for women. Sex Roles, 34, 171-188.
Young, I. M. (1980).Throwing like
a girl: A phenomenology
of feminine body comportment motility and spatiality.
Human Studies, 3, 137-156.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Pornography’s impact
on sexual satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,
18,
438-453.
Zurbriggen, E. L. (2000). Social motives and cognitive
power/sex associations: Predictors of aggressive sexual
behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78,
559-581.
Zurbriggen, E. L., & Freyd, J. J. (2004).The link between
child sexual abuse and risky sexual behavior:The role of
dissociative tendencies, information-processing effects, and
consensual sex decision mechanisms. In L. J. Koenig, A.
O’Leary, L. S. Doll, & W. Pequegnat (Eds.), From child
sexual abuse to adult sexual risk:Trauma revictimization and
intervention (pp. 117-134).Washington, DC:American
Psychological Association.
Zurbriggen, E. L., & Morgan, E. M. (2006).Who wants to
marry a millionaire? Reality dating television programs,
attitudes toward sex, and sexual behaviors. Sex Roles, 54,
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق